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Alternatives Alternative treatment for fungal infections focuses on maintaining general good health and eating a diet low in dairy products cholesterol check up how often buy lasuna online pills, sugars, including honey and fruit juice, and foods, such as beer, that contain yeast. Supplements of vitamins C, E, and A, B complex, and pantothenic acid may also be added to the diet, as may Lactobacillus acidophilus, bifidobacteria, and garlic capsules. Diagnosis the preferred way to diagnose sporotrichosis is for a doctor to obtain a sample of fluid from a freshly opened sore and send it to a laboratory to be cultured. It is possible to confirm the presence of advanced sporotrichosis through a blood test or a biopsy. Doctors may also take a blood sample to perform tests that rule out other fungal infections or diseases such as tuberculosis or bacterial osteomyelitis. With treatment, skin sores begin healing in one to two months but complete recovery often takes six months or more. Bacterial osteomyelitis-An infection of the bone or bone marrow that is caused by a bacterium. Professional dancers are increasingly recognized as performing athletes, and many of the treatments and preventive measures utilized in sports medicine are now applied to dance-related injuries. The principles of sports medicine can be applied in the treatment of most common musculoskeletal injuries. Sports injuries Description Adults are less likely to suffer sports injuries than children, whose vulnerability is heightened by immature reflexes, an inability to recognize and evaluate risks, and underdeveloped coordination. Types of sports injuries About 95% of sports injuries are minor soft tissue traumas. A sprain is a partial or complete tear of a ligament, a strong band of tissue that connects bones to one another and stabilizes joints. A strain is a partial or complete tear of muscle (tissue composed of cells that enable the body to move) or tendon (strong connective tissue that links muscles to bones). Inflammation of a tendon (tendinitis) and inflammation of one of the fluid-filled sacs that allow tendons to move easily over bones (bursitis) usually result from minor stresses that repeatedly aggravate the same part of the body. The bones of the legs and feet are most susceptible to stress fractures, which occur when muscle strains or contractions make bones bend. Stress fractures are especially common in ballet dancers, long-distance runners, and in people whose bones are thin. Prevention Since an opening in the skin is necessary for the sporotrichosis fungus to enter the body, the best way to prevent the disease is to avoid accidental scrapes and cuts on the hands and arms by wearing gloves and long sleeves while gardening. Washing hands and arms well after working with roses, barberry, spagnum moss, and other potential sources of the fungus may also provide some protection. Sports injuries Definition Sports injuries result from acute trauma or repetitive stress associated with athletic activities. Shin splints are caused 4761 Sports injuries A soccer player grips his shin after being injured during a match. A compartment syndrome is a potentially debilitating condition in which the muscles of the lower leg grow too large to be contained within membranes that enclose them. A concussion can cause loss of consciousness and may affect the following: hearing memory vision Demographics In the United States, about 30 million children and adolescents participate in sports, and among children 14 years of age and younger about 3. Although death is rare, the leading cause of death among sports injuries is traumatic brain injury. Sports and other recreational activities account for about 21% of all traumatic brain injuries. About 775,000 children are treated in hospital annually for sports injuries, the most common of which result from falls, being struck by an object, collisions, and overexhaustion. Between one-half and two-thirds of childhood sports injuries occur during practice or in the course of unorganized athletic activity. Baseball and softball are the leading causes of sports-related facial trauma in the United States, with 68% of these injuries caused by contact with the ball rather than player-player collision or being hit by a swung bat. Treatment Treatment for minor soft tissue injuries generally consists of compressing the injured area with an elastic bandage, elevation, ice, and rest. Anti-inflammatories, taken by mouth or injected into the swelling, may be used to treat bursitis. Antiinflammatory medications and exercises to correct muscle imbalances usually are used to treat tendinitis. If the athlete keeps stressing inflamed tendons, they may rupture, and casting or surgery is sometimes necessary to correct this condition. Controlling inflammation as well as restoring normal use and mobility are the goals of treatment for overuse injuries. Athletes who have been injured are usually advised to limit their activities until their injuries are healed. The physician may suggest special exercises or behavior modifications for athletes who have had several injuries. Athletes who have been severely injured may be advised to stop playing altogether. Prompt diagnosis often can prevent minor injuries from becoming major problems or causing long-term damage. An orthopedic surgeon should examine anyone who has the following: Prevention Every child who plans to participate in organized athletic activity should have a pre-season sports physical. This special examination is conducted by a pediatrician or family physician who performs the following: is prevented from playing by severe pain associated with acute injury whose ability to play has declined due to chronic or long-term consequences of an injury whose injury has caused visible deformities in an arm or leg. Anyone who has suffered a blow to the head should be examined immediately, and at five-minute intervals until normal comprehension has returned. Subsequent evaluations of concussion assess dizziness, headache, nausea, and visual disturbances. The physician then will be able to suggest to the athlete steps to take to minimize the chance of getting hurt. On a larger scale, sports injuries are becoming a public health concern in the United States. Prevention efforts include wearing protective devices (such as bicycle helmets and pads when skating or skateboarding), and educating both children and adults about safety. Other preventive efforts include changes in the rules of the game or sport to minimize injuries. For example, thick rubber insoles can help prevent repetitive injuries from running, but scientists have observed that they can add to injuries in sports such as soccer, where athletes need to make quick changes of direction. Improvements in the design and construction of football helmets have been credited with a significant decline in the frequency and severity of head injuries among football players. Frey, PhD Sports vision see Vision training Spouse abuse see Abuse Sprains and strains Definition Sprain refers to damage or tearing of ligaments or a joint capsule. Description When excessive force is applied to a joint, the ligaments that hold the bones together may be torn or damaged. This injury results in a sprain and its seriousness depends on how badly the ligaments are torn. Any joint can be sprained, but the most frequently injured joints are the ankle, knee, and finger. Sometimes called pulled muscles, they usually occur because of overexertion or improper lifting techniques. People who are active in sports suffer more strains and sprains than less active people. Repeated sprains in the same joint make the joint less stable and more prone to future sprains. Grade I sprains are mild injuries where there is no tearing of the ligament and no joint function is lost, although there may be tenderness and slight swelling. These sprains are characterized by obvious swelling, extensive bruising, pain, difficulty bearing weight, and reduced function of the joint. Strains result from overuse of muscles, improper use of the muscles, or as the result of injury in another part of the body when the body compensates for pain by altering the way it moves. Anti-inflammatories, such as bromelain (a proteolytic enzyme from pineapples) and tumeric (Curcuma longa), may also be helpful. The homeopathic remedy arnica (Arnica montana) may be used initially for a few days, followed by ruta (Ruta graveolens) for joint-related injuries or Rhus toxicodendron for muscle-related injuries.
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Although such side effects are rare cholesterol in dry shrimp buy lasuna online, some people have had severe and life-threatening reactions to sulfonamides. These include sudden, severe liver damage, serious blood problems, breakdown of the outer layer of the skin, and a condition called Stevens-Johnson syndrome, in which people get blisters around the mouth, eyes, or anus. Call a physician immediately if any of these signs of a dangerous reaction occur: Sulfonamides Definition Sulfonamides are medicines that prevent the growth of bacteria in the body. Purpose Sulfonamides are used to treat many kinds of infections caused by bacteria and certain other microorganisms. Some commonly used sulfonamides are sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin) and the combination drug sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bactrim, Cotrim). Anyone who takes sulfonamides should not drive, use machines or do anything else that might be dangerous until they have found out how the drugs affect them. Sulfonamides may cause blood problems that can interfere with healing and lead to additional infections. Be especially careful not to injure the mouth when brushing or flossing the teeth or using a toothpick. While being treated with this medicine, avoid being in direct sunlight, especially between 10 a. Babies under 2 months should not be given sulfonamides unless their physician has ordered the medicine. To help keep levels constant, take the medicine in doses spaced evenly through the day 4870 Older people may be especially sensitive to the effects of sulfonamides, increasing the chance of unwanted side effects, such as severe skin problems and blood problems. Patients who are taking water pills (diuretics) at the same time as sulfonamides may also be more likely to have these problems. Special conditions People with certain medical conditions or who are taking certain other medicines can have problems if they take sulfonamides. Anyone who has had unusual reactions to sulfonamides, water pills (diuretics), diabetes medicines, or glaucoma medicine in the past should let his or her physician know before taking sulfonamides. However, pregnant women are advised not to use this medicine around the time of labor and delivery, because it can cause side effects in the baby. Women who are pregnant or who may become pregnant should check with their physicians about the safety of using sulfonamides during pregnancy. Taking sulfonamides with certain other drugs may affect the way the drugs work or may increase the chance of side effects. Side effects the most common side effects are mild diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, loss of appetite, and tiredness. If any of the following side effects occur, check with a physician immediately: milk and may cause liver problems, anemia, and other problems in nursing babies whose mothers take the medicine. Because of those problems, women should not breastfeed when they are under treatment with this drug. Women who are breastfeeding and who need to take this medicine should check with their physicians to find out how long they need to stop breastfeeding. Before using sulfo- itching or skin rash reddish or purplish spots on the skin other skin problems, such as redness, blistering, peeling severe, watery or bloody diarrhea muscle or joint aches fever sore throat cough shortness of breath unusual tiredness or weakness unusual bleeding or bruising pale skin yellow eyes or skin swallowing problems Other rare side effects may occur. Anyone who has unusual symptoms while taking sulfonamides should get in touch with his or her physician. Individuals who take sulfonamides should let their physician know all other medicines they are taking. Sunburn, which is a form of a radiation burn, is usually noticeable within three hours after exposure and results in red, painful skin that may feel warm to the touch. The condition generally takes several days to heal and may result in blistering or peeling of the skin. In first-degree sunburn, pain, redness, and some swelling may be experienced, and the skin may feel warm when touched. The symptoms of seconddegree sunburn may result after more prolonged sun exposure and when negligible or no sunscreen has been used to prevent Sun damage. The symptoms of second-degree sunburn include the symptoms of first degree (pain, redness, swelling, hot to the touch) wherein the symptoms are more severe and include blistering of the skin. In second-degree sunburn, deeper layers of the skin including nerve endings have been damaged. Sometimes the term sun poisoning is used; however, the sun does not actually poison the skin. Sun poisoning refers to a very severe case of sunburn in which overexposure to ultraviolet radiation causes all the symptoms of sunburn (redness, pain, swelling, warmth, blistering) along with fever, chills, headache, nausea, and/or dizziness. Be sure to check with a physician or pharmacist before combining sulfonamides with any other prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter) medicine. Nancy Ross-Flanigan Sumatriptan see Antimigraine drugs 4872 is squamous cell carcinoma. Of these two skin cancers-basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma-are common, and between 40% and 50% of American adults who live to the age of 65 years will get one or the other of these cancers at least once. Sunburn Causes and symptoms the ultraviolet rays in sunlight destroy cells in the outer layer of the skin, damaging tiny blood vessels underneath. When the sun burns the skin, it triggers immune defenses, which identify the burned skin as foreign. At the same time, the sun transforms a substance on the skin that interferes with this immune response. In severe cases, the burn may occur with sunstroke (vomiting, fever, and collapse). Skin spots-also called age spots, liver spots, or solar lentigines-result after years of prolonged ultraviolet light exposure when the melanin of the epidermis becomes clustered together or is produced by skin cells in high concentrations. An actinic keratosis is a rough, dry, scaly, or warty patch of skin usually appearing on the face, hands, arms, or shoulders- areas of the body most exposed to the sun. An actinic keratosis usually begins as a small spot or patch and generally takes several years to develop. These patches are usually treated as precancerous, however, as they frequently result in malignancy. Damage to the eyes is a complication of exposure to ultraviolet light, either by sunlight or tanning beds or bulbs. Inflammation to the cornea, known as photokeratitis, and inflammation to the conjunctiva, called photoconjunctivitis, may result. People trying to get a tan too quickly in strong sunlight are also more vulnerable to sunburn. Although they have a lower risk, even the darkest-skinned people can get skin cancer. Repeated sun overexposure and burning can prematurely age the skin, causing yellowish, wrinkled skin. Overexposure can increase the risk of skin cancer, especially a serious burn in childhood. Demographics Skin cancer from sun overexposure is a serious health problem in the United States, causing over 3. Specifically, one in five Americans will get skin cancer at some point in their lives. The most serious type of skin cancer, melanoma, becomes twice as likely after five or more sunburns. Although this type of skin cancer is rarely fatal, it can be quite disfiguring to the skin. Cataracts form when the lens and the transparent layer surrounding the lens become increasingly clouded and opaque. The mass of conjunctiva is usually fleshy and creamy in nature, and results in inhibited vision. Sun over-exposure in childhood and adolescence is linked to the occurrence of skin cancer later in life. It is the most common form of skin cancer in the United States where, according to the American Cancer Society, 75% of all cases of skin cancer are basil cell carcinomas. The majority of basil cell carcinomas occur on areas of the skin that commonly receive sun exposure-the face, neck, forearms, shoulders, tops of the hands, or scalp. These skin cancers grow slow and are painless and develop in the epidermis, that is, top cell layer of the skin. Basil cell carcinomas may appear as a new skin growth that does not heal or that bleeds frequently or easily. At one time basil cell carcinomas were common in people over the age of 40 years, but in the late twentieth 4874 and early twenty-first century they were appearing in younger people. People with fair skin, light colored eyes (blue or green), lighter colored hair (blonde or red), and those who are frequently exposed to x-ray radiation may be at a higher risk for these skin cancers.
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Peroxide-A bleaching agent that is a compound consisting of two atoms of oxygen connected by a single bond cholesterol medication online buy generic lasuna 60 caps. However, smoking or consumption of food and beverages that stain can cause discoloration within one month. After treatment is completed, people need to be aware that smoking will cause teeth to discolor. Beverages with caffeine should be consumed with a straw to reduce the effects of staining. Another preventive action is brushing the teeth after drinking or eating foods that cause stains. Some babies begin teething as early as three months and other do not begin until long past eight months. Rarely, children are born with one or two teeth-called natal teeth-or have neonatal teeth emerge during the first month of life. These are known as the deciduous teeth because they eventually fall out and are replaced by the 32 permanent adult or secondary teeth, which begin to form within the jaw shortly before or at birth. The first permanent teeth-the six-year-molars or first permanent molars-erupt behind each of the four second baby molars, usually between the ages of five and six. Children begin losing their primary teeth at about age six, after the permanent front teeth are almost completely formed beneath the gums. The pressure of the developing permanent teeth causes the roots of the primary teeth to dissolve. Without their anchor in the jaw, the baby teeth loosen and eventually fall out, usually beginning with the lower front teeth. Risk factors the age and rapidity at which babies undergo teething is determined primarily by hereditary factors. Primary teeth usually erupt in pairs-one each on the right and left sides of the mouth. In general, the pairs alternate between the lower and upper jaws and proceed from front to back. From the age of six months on, children get four new teeth about every four months. Primary teeth usually erupt in the following order: Causes and symptoms Teething is caused by the crowns of the developing primary teeth erupting through the gum tissue. For others, teething can cause considerable discomfort due to the pressure exerted on the periodontal membrane by the erupting tooth. Deciduous teeth-The primary, baby, or milk teeth that fall out and are replaced by permanent teeth. Molars-The teeth behind the primary canines or permanent premolars, with large crowns and broad chewing surfaces for grinding food. Although these are primary teeth, rather than extra teeth, they may have to be removed if they interfere with feeding, irritate the tongue or lips, or are likely to come loose and cause choking. This can interfere with the eruption of the permanent tooth beneath and must be extracted. Drugs Acetaminophen (Infant Tylenol or others) can help relieve discomfort in teething babies and young children. It does not cause other childhood symptoms such as significant fever, diarrhea, or vomiting. However, if teething appears to cause prolonged or excessive irritability, severe pain, or pus, gum swelling, or excessive redness, a pediatrician or dentist should be consulted. It is usually recommended that children first visit a pediatric dentist within six months of their first tooth eruption or by one year of age. By the age of two children should be examined by a dentist at least twice per year. Procedures If the eruption of the primary teeth appears to be preceding abnormally, the dentist may order x rays of the developing teeth inside the gums. Alternatives Chamomile (Matricaria recutita, Chamaemelum nobile) is widely used as an herbal remedy for teething discomfort. Drool from a teething baby should be wiped away frequently to prevent rashes around the mouth and face and on the chest. In addition to relieving discomfort and massaging the gums, these may help speed tooth eruption. They should be removed from the freezer before becoming rock hard because they can bruise swollen gums. Teething aids must be large enough that they cannot fit completely in the mouth and be swallowed. Rubber teething rings with liquid inside should be avoided because they can break and leak. There are various other home remedies for teething: Prevention Daily dental care should begin even before the eruption of the first tooth. This can leave gaps before the permanent teeth emerge and cause the primary teeth to crowd in to fill the gaps, leading to crooked permanent teeth. All tooth surfaces and the gum line should be thoroughly cleaned using a soft, nylon-bristled, infant toothbrush. Once all of the primary teeth have erupted, the teeth should be brushed at least twice per day, especially after meals. Toothbrushes should be replaced every three months or when they become worn or frayed. Toothpaste should not be used until the child is able to spit it out, usually at about age three, and then only about a pea-sized amount should be used. Toothpaste should contain fluoride, but children should never be allowed to swallow fluoride toothpaste. Although children may start brushing their own teeth, the parent should remain the primary tooth brusher until the child is about five years of age. Older children can chew on ice, cold food such as an apple or frozen banana, or hard biscuits. The sore area may be rinsed often with saltwater (one teaspoon of salt per cup of warm water). Babies should never be allowed to comfort themselves or fall asleep with a bottle or sippy cup containing anything but water. Parents should practice good oral hygiene and regular dental visits as examples to their children. Telemedicine includes a growing variety of applications and services using two-way video, e-mail, smart phones, wireless tools, and other forms of telecommunications technology. Description Telehealth can be conducted by a range of telecommunications devices, from standard telephones and desktop computers to mobile smartphones, tablet computers, and videoconferencing equipment. Telehealth has two basic modes, which are known as 'real-time' and 'store-and-forward' telehealth, respectively. Realtime telehealth, also called 'synchronous telehealth,' allows instantaneous long-distance interaction between a patient and healthcare provider, or between two healthcare professionals. The site where the patient (or health professional receiving training) is located is called the 'originating site. The site where the medical professional is providing the care or instruction is called the 'distant site' or the 'hub site. These data can be stored on the client computer and then transmitted (forwarded) at a later time to another clinic or laboratory for purposes of diagnosis or analysis. Store-and-forward telehealth is increasingly used in such specialties as dermatology, radiology, and pathology, in which diagnosis is made in large part on the basis of images, and which do not require an immediate evaluation and reply. M-health involves the use of cell phones, tablet computers, and other mobile devices.
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Oncotic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma-particularly albumin-that act to retain fluid within the blood plasma cholesterol lowering foods pdf buy discount lasuna 60caps on line. If the level of serum albumin is too low (hypoalbuminemia), as may happen in liver disease, kidney disease, or chronic malnutrition, oncotic pressure drops, allowing fluid to leak from the intravascular compartment through the capillaries into the interstitial space and cause edema. If the fluid from the intravascular compartment moves into and collects in the spaces between the tissues and organs in the abdomen, it can cause ascites. If the fluid moves into the alveoli and the interstitial spaces in the lungs, it can cause pulmonary edema; if it moves into the pleural cavity (the space between the membranes that cover the lungs and line the chest wall), it can lead to pleural effusion. In addition to fluid loss from the intravascular compartment resulting from destruction or weakening of the capillaries or from hypoalbuminemia, thirdspacing may also result from the removal of lymph nodes during cancer surgery. Plasma proteins and fluid cannot be 4987 Third-spacing Description Under normal conditions, the body maintains a balance, or homeostasis, of the location and movement of fluid in the body. During the loss phase, weakening or increased permeability of the capillaries leads to the movement of fluid and proteins from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial space. During the reabsorption phase, tissues begin to heal and fluid is reabsorbed from the interstitial space back into the intravascular space. Such signs of third-spacing as weight gain, hypovolemia, and low urinary output begin to return to normal. Risk factors Risk factors for third-spacing include: recent traumatic injury or major surgery, particularly abdominal surgery recent severe burns recent exposure to dengue or other hemorrhagic fevers history of liver disease history of heart failure recent bacterial or viral infection sepsis syndrome history of heavy drinking and/or poor nutrition long-term use of diuretics history of severe allergic reactions to insect venom, certain foods, or certain medications Hypoalbuminemia. Abnormally low levels of albumin in blood plasma may result from malnutrition (insufficient protein intake), severe burns, inadequate iron intake, liver disease, or liver dysfunction (albumin is synthesized in the liver). Other causes of hypoalbuminemia include malabsorption of nutrients; hypothyroidism; cancer; alcoholism; and kidney disease. This condition may result from localized burns or trauma, or from systemic disorders like anaphylaxis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. An abnormally low level of sodium in the blood may result from vomiting or diarrhea; overuse of diuretic medications; or plasma volume overload resulting from heart failure, kidney disease, cirrhosis of the liver, or hypothyroidism. Surgical removal of cancerous lymph nodes is the most common cause of this condition. Fluid overload may result from kidney dysfunction or from health professionals administering too large a quantity of replacement fluid. Symptoms the symptoms of third-spacing include the following: Demographics Third-spacing appears to be equally common in both sexes and in all races and ethnic groups. It is more likely to occur in adults than in children because a number of disorders and diseases that may lead to third-spacing are more common in adults. Low blood plasma volume may in turn be caused by blood loss from trauma or hemorrhage; or dehydration resulting from heavy sweating, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Anaphylaxis-A severe allergic reaction that is rapid in onset, affects many body systems, and is potentially fatal. Ascites-An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the two membranes that separate the organs in the abdominal cavity from the abdominal wall. Diffusion-Passive movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Oncotic pressure-A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins (usually albumin) in blood plasma that tend to draw fluid into the circulatory system. Osmosis-The movement of water (or another solvent) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower concentration of a solute toward an area of higher concentration. Pleural effusion-An excessive accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and the chest wall. A pleural effusion can impair breathing due to the pressure of the fluid on the lungs. Solute-Any substance that is dissolved in another substance, which is called a solvent. Third-spacing Treatment Treatment of third-spacing is based on treatment of the underlying condition. When the reabsorption phase begins, treatment is focused on preventing circulatory overload and high blood pressure, which can lead to pulmonary edema. Prevention Prevention of burns and traumatic injuries will prevent some cases of third-spacing, as will avoidance of hemorrhagic fevers and such liver diseases as hepatitis and cirrhosis associated with alcoholism. Recent changes in the amount of fluids infused during surgery have lowered the rates of postoperative third-spacing in many hospitals. Third-spacing that follows cancer surgery or gastrointestinal surgery, however, is not always preventable. Liquid and/or air accumulates in this space between the lungs and the ribs from many conditions. Most pleural effusions are complications emanating from metastatic malignancy (movement of cancer cells from one part of the body to another). Symptoms of a pleural effusion include breathing difficulty, chest pain, fever, weight loss, cough, and edema. Removal of air is often an emergency procedure to prevent suffocation from pressure on the lungs. The accumulation of air or fluid within the pleural space can eliminate these normal conditions and disrupt breathing and the movement of air within the chest cavity. Fluid removal is performed to reduce the pressure in the pleural space and to analyze the liquid. In addition, thoracentesis was traditionally used to remove blood from the chest cavity. This is rare now that the placement of a thoracostomy tube has proven to be a more effective and safer method. A majority of patients will ultimately require additional therapy beyond a simple thoracentesis. There are two types of liquid in the pleural space, one having more protein in it than the other. On the basis of this difference, the cause of the effusion can more easily be determined. Transudates Thin, watery fluid oozes into the chest either because back pressure from circulation squeezes it out or because the blood has lost some of its osmotic pressure. Thoracentesis Definition Also known as pleural fluid analysis, thoracentesis is a procedure that removes fluid or air from the chest through a needle or tube. It will create back pressure in the blood flow and also damage a part of the lung so that it leaks fluid. Nephrosis is a collection of kidney disorders that change the osmotic pressure of blood and allow liquid to seep into body cavities. Exudates cancers can ooze blood as well as fluid; they do not usually bleed massively Chyle Thoracentesis Occasionally, the liquid that comes out of the chest is neither transparent nor bloody, but milky. This is due to a tear of the large lymphatic channel- the thoracic duct carrying lymph fluid from the intestines to the heart. The major causes of chylothorax are: Thicker, more viscous fluid is usually due to greater damage to tissues, allowing blood proteins as well as water to seep out. Pneumonia, caused by viruses and by bacteria, damages lung tissue and can open the way for exudates to enter the pleural space. Tuberculosis can infect the pleura as well as the lungs and cause them to leak liquid. Cancers of many types settle in the lungs or the pleura and leak liquids from their surface. Depending upon its size and the amount of damage it has done, a pulmonary embolism can also produce an exudate. An esophagus perforated by cancer, trauma, or other conditions can spill liquids and even food into the chest. Pancreatic disease can cause massive fluid in the abdomen, which can then find its way into the chest. Radiation to treat cancer or from accidents with radioactive materials can damage the pleura and lead to exudates.
Diseases
- Acromegaloid hypertrichosis syndrome
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Sequestration-A process in which the spleen withdraws blood cells from the circulation and stores them cholesterol medication duration discount 60 caps lasuna fast delivery. Spleen-An organ that produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys those that are aging. The decision to perform a splenectomy depends on the severity and prognosis of the disease that is causing the hypersplenism. The cell destruction does not occur elsewhere in the body and ends when the spleen is removed. Splenectomy usually required There are some disorders for which a splenectomy is usually recommended. The spleen can be ruptured by blunt as well as penetrating injuries to the chest or abdomen. Splenectomy sometimes required Other disorders may or may not necessitate a splenectomy. A splenectomy is often performed in order to find out how far the disease has progressed. These disorders may appear in patients of any age but are most common in adults over 50. A splenectomy does not cure myelofibrosis but may be performed to relieve pain caused by the swelling of the spleen. Thalassemia is a hereditary form of anemia that is most common in people of Mediterranean origin. After the surgeon makes a cut (incision) in the abdomen, the artery to the spleen is tied to prevent blood loss and reduce the size of the spleen. Tying the splenic artery also keeps the spleen from further sequestration of blood cells. The surgeon detaches the ligaments holding the spleen in place and removes the organ. When the spleen has been ruptured by trauma, the surgeon approaches the organ from its underside and ties the splenic artery before removing the ruptured organ. Splenectomy Partial splenectomy In some cases, the surgeon removes only part of the spleen. This procedure is considered by some to be a useful compromise that reduces pain caused by an enlarged spleen while leaving the patient less vulnerable to infection. Laparoscopic splenectomy Laparoscopic splenectomy, or removal of the spleen through several small incisions, has been performed more frequently in recent years. Laparoscopic surgery, which is sometimes called keyhole surgery, is done with smaller surgical instruments inserted through very short incisions, with the assistance of a tiny camera and video monitor. Laparoscopic procedures reduce the length of hospital stay, the level of postoperative pain, and the risk of infection. Demographics In the United States, splenomegaly affects as many as 30% of full-term newborns and about 10% of healthy children. Approximately 3% of healthy first-year college students also have spleens that are large enough to be felt when a doctor palpates the abdomen. Some specific causes of splenomegaly are more common in certain racial or ethnic groups. For example, splenomegaly is a common complication of sickle cell disease in patients of African or Mediterranean ancestry. In other parts of the world, splenomegaly is frequently caused by malaria, schistosomiasis, and other infections in areas where these diseases are endemic. Diagnosis the most important part of a medical assessment in disorders of the spleen is the measurement of splenomegaly. The rate of platelet or red blood cell destruction by the spleen can also be measured by tagging blood cells with radioactive chromium or platelets with radioactive indium. An anesthesiologist is responsible for administering anesthesia and the operation is performed in a hospital setting. In blood disorders, the splenectomy will remove the cause of the blood cell destruction. Normal results for patients with an enlarged spleen are relief of pain and the complications of splenomegaly. It is not always possible, however, to predict which patients will respond well or to what degree. Hospitalization is usually less than a week (one to two days for laparoscopic splenectomy), and complete healing usually occurs within four to six weeks. Patients are encouraged to return to such normal activities as showering, driving, climbing stairs, light lifting, and work as soon as they feel comfortable. Some patients may return to work in a few days while others prefer to rest at home a little longer. Morbidity and mortality rates the outcome of the procedure varies with the underlying disease or the extent of other injuries. Rates of complete recovery from the surgery itself are excellent, in the absence of other severe injuries or medical problems. The most common vaccines used are Pneumovax or Pnu-Imune 23 (against pneumococcal infections) and Menomune-A/C/Y/W-135 (against meningococcal infections). Aftercare Immediately following surgery, patients are given instructions for incision care and medications intended to prevent infection. Blood transfusions may be indicated for some patients to replace defective blood cells. The most important part of aftercare, however, is long-term caution regarding vulnerability to infection. Patients are asked to see their doctor at once if they have a fever or any other sign of infection, and to avoid travel to areas where exposure to malaria or similar diseases is likely. Children with splenectomies may be kept on antibiotic therapy until they are 16 years old. All patients can be given a booster dose of pneumococcal vaccine five to ten years after undergoing a splenectomy. Risks the main risk of a splenectomy procedure is overwhelming bacterial infection, or postsplenectomy sepsis. The risk of dying from infection after undergoing a splenectomy is highest in children, especially in the first two years after surgery. The risk of postsplenectomy sepsis can be reduced by vaccinations before the operation. Some doctors also recommend a two-year course of penicillin following splenectomy, or longterm treatment with ampicillin. Other risks associated with the procedure include inflammation of the pancreas and collapse of the lungs. In some cases, a splenectomy does not address the underlying causes of splenomegaly or other conditions. Excessive bleeding after the operation is an additional possible complication, particularly for 4756 Alternatives There are no medical alternatives to removing the spleen. Splenic embolization is a surgical alternative to splenectomy that is used in some patients who are poor candidates for surgery. Embolization involves plugging or blocking the splenic artery with synthetic substances to shrink the size of the spleen. The substances that are injected during this procedure include polyvinyl alcohol foam, polystyrene, and silicone. Trauma to the spleen can cause varying degrees of damage, the major problem associated with internal bleeding. Mild splenic subcapsular hematomas are injuries in which bleeding is limited to small areas on and immediately around the spleen. Splenic contusions refer to bruising and bleeding on and around larger areas of the spleen. Tears tend to occur on the areas between the three main blood vessels of the spleen. Because of the abundant blood supply, splenic trauma may cause serious internal bleeding. In general, children are prone to abdominal injuries due to accidents and falls and because their abdominal organs are less protected by bone, muscle and fat.
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Laryngeal cancer Full removal of the larynx removes the risk of a cancer relapse cholesterol medication new zealand buy lasuna with paypal, although other parts of the throat and mouth can be affected. Description Speech therapy addresses problems with speech production, language disorders, and swallowing. Problems with speech production include issues of articulation, speech rhythm, fluency, voice production, resonance, tone, and accent. There are two basic categories of language disorders: expressive language disorders, which involves problems producing language, and receptive language disorders, which involves problems understanding language. Individuals with expressive language disorders have difficulty in using language at the level expected for their age group. Often children with this type of disorder have lower than expected vocabularies, form sentences with a simpler structure than is expected, and have more difficulties expressing themselves in writing than other children their age. Individuals with receptive language disorders have difficulty understanding and processing language. People who have difficulty understanding and following directions, responding to questions, or following a conversation may have a receptive language disorder. Individuals who can read words on the page but are unable to process the meaning of what they read have a receptive language disorder. Speech therapy also addresses problems of swallowing that originate in the mouth and throat. Infants with birth defects of the mouth and individuals who have had a stroke or who have certain diseases such as multiple sclerosis are most likely to have swallowing problems. Much work with children involves playing with them and using various toys and visual aids to encourage them to speak, along with modeling correct articulation and speech patterns. Exercises to strengthen certain facial muscles may be prescribed for people who have trouble swallowing. Depending on the problems being addressed, individuals may have speech therapy sessions as infrequently as once a week or as often as every day. Purpose the purpose of speech therapy is to improve communication and/or the understanding of language and/or to remediate swallowing difficulties. An evaluation of the speechlanguage-swallowing problem will be done at the first session. However, individuals who want to work as speech therapists do prepare for their professional role. Certification varies from country to country and in the United States, from state to state. Certification and licensing requirements are quite similar in other countries in the English-speaking world. Sperm count see Semen analysis Aftercare Practice and repetition are key to the success of speech therapy. Individuals often are given speech, language and/or muscle exercises to perform regularly at home. Caregivers will need to supervise these exercises and reinforce what is accomplished at the therapy sessions. It is a serious birth abnormality characterized by the incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or meninges. The highest prevalence rates, about one in 200 pregnancies, have been reported from certain northern provinces in China. Intermediate prevalence rates, about one in 1,000 pregnancies, have been found in 4731 Risks No specific risks are associated with speech therapy. The lowest prevalence rates, less than one in 2,000 pregnancies, have been found in the European countries. Spina bifida may appear in the body midline anywhere from the neck to the buttocks. In its most severe form, termed spinal rachischisis, the entire spinal canal is open, exposing the spinal cord and nerves. More commonly, the abnormality appears as a localized mass on the back that is covered by skin or by the meninges, the three-layered membrane that surrounds the spinal cord. Spina bifida is usually readily apparent at birth because of the malformation of the back and paralysis below the level of the abnormality. Various forms of spina bifida are known as meningomyelocele, myelomeningocele, spina bifida aperta, open spina bifida, myelodysplasia, spinal dysraphism, spinal rachischisis, myelocele, and meningocele. The term meningocele is used when the spine 4732 malformation contains only the protective covering (meninges) of the spinal cord. The other terms indicate involvement of the spinal cord and nerves in the malformation. A related term, spina bifida occulta, indicates that one or more of the bony bodies in the spine are incompletely hardened but that there is no abnormality of the spinal cord itself. Fetus-The term used to describe a developing human infant from approximately the third month of pregnancy until delivery. Hydrocephalus-The excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain, often causing enlargement of the head. Causes and symptoms Spina bifida occurs because the neural tube, around the area of the spine, fails to close during fetal development. Spina bifida may occur as an isolated abnormality or in the company of other malformations. As an isolated abnormality, spina bifida is caused by the combination of genetic factors and environmental influences that bring about malformation of the spine and spinal column. The specific genes and environmental influences that contribute to the many-factored causes of spina bifida are not precisely known. Changes (mutations) in genes involving the metabolism of folic acid are believed to be significant genetic risk factors. Spina bifida may arise because of chromosome abnormalities, single gene mutations, or specific environmental insults such as maternal diabetes mellitus or prenatal exposure to certain anticonvulsant drugs. In most cases, spina bifida is obvious at birth because of malformation of the spine. More commonly, the spine abnormality appears as a mass on the back covered by membrane (meninges) or skin. In rare instances, the spinal cord malformation may occur internally, sometimes with a connection to the gastrointestinal tract. As a rule, the nerves below the level of the abnormality develop in a faulty manner and fail to function, resulting in paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of the spine malformation. Since most abnormalities occur in the lumbar region, the lower limbs are paralyzed and lack sensation. Furthermore, the bowel and bladder have inadequate nerve connections, causing an inability to control bowel and bladder function. Most infants also develop hydrocephaly, an accumulation of excess fluid in the four cavities of the brain. There are a number of mild variant forms of spina bifida, including multiple vertebral abnormalities, skin dimples, tufts of hair, and localized areas of skin deficiency over the spine. Two variants, lipomeningocele and lipomyelomeningocele, typically occur in the lower back area (lumbar or sacral) of the spine. In these conditions, a tumor of fatty tissue becomes isolated among the nerves below the spinal cord, which may result in tethering of the spinal cord and complications similar to those with open spina bifida. Paralysis below the level of the abnormality and fluid on the brain (hydrocephaly) may contribute to the diagnosis. Other spine 4733 abnormalities such as congenital scoliosis and kyphosis, or soft tissue tumors overlying the spine, are not likely to have these accompanying findings. In cases in which there are no external findings, the diagnosis is more difficult and may not become evident until neurological abnormalities or hydrocephaly develop weeks, months, or years following birth. Ultrasounds cannot identify every structural problem in a developing baby, so some cases of spina bifida (especially mild forms) may be missed. Prenatal blood screening is often offered to women between 15 and 21 weeks in a pregnancy. This may prompt her physician to offer her a detailed ultrasound, as well as other medical options that might give her more information about the baby. It is also a good way to identify whether someone has associated neurological complications like hydrocephalus.
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Preparation Little preparation is necessary for this procedure other than educating the patient as to what will happen cholesterol rich foods discount lasuna 60 caps with amex. The patient should remove dental appliances before the nasogastric tube is inserted. Risks In poisoning cases, stomach flushing delays the administration of activated charcoal, which may be more beneficial to treating the patient than flushing the stomach. In addition, stomach flushing may stimulate bleeding from the esophagus or stomach. The patient may inhale some of the stomach contents, causing aspiration, pneumonia, or infection in the lungs. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances are more likely to occur in older, sicker patients. Precautions In poisoning cases, stomach flushing should not be used if the poison is a strong corrosive acid (hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid), alkali (lye, ammonia), or a volatile hydrocarbon such as gasoline. Patients who are losing or have lost consciousness must have their airways intubated before a nasogastric tube is inserted. Description Stomach flushing is performed in a hospital emergency room or intensive care unit by an emergency room physician or gastroenterologist. A nasogastric tube is inserted, and small amounts of saline or ice 4800 Results Stomach flushing is usually tolerated by patients and is a temporary treatment, performed in conjunction with other therapies. It may be related to diet, stress, psychological or emotional problems, or nervous system immaturity or increased sensitivity. Abdominal migraines are stomachaches or cramping, usually near the navel or midline, that typically occur in reaction to the same triggers that cause migraine headaches. Risk factors Stomachache Stomachache Definition A stomachache is pain in the abdomen, between the bottom of the ribcage and the crease of the groin. Stomachaches are common in children and can have many causes-physical, psychological, and emotional. Stomachaches account for many visits to doctors and emergency rooms, as well as many missed school days. Approximately one third of children have been seen by a physician for abdominal pain by the age of 15, but only a small proportion of these represent serious problems. Complaints of abdominal pain are more common in children under age 11 than in older children and teens. Risk factors for stomachaches depend on the underlying physical, psychological, or emotional causes. Recurrent stomachaches in preschoolers have been shown to correlate with maternal depression. Causes and symptoms Stomachaches in children are rarely serious and often have no identifiable cause. Changes in eating habits or bowel movements are also common causes, particularly in children under age 12. Constipation-the inability to pass a stool-is one of the most common causes of lower abdominal cramping. Toddlers do not necessarily distinguish between physical pain and physical or emotional needs. Thus, a stomachache in a young child can indicate fatigue, hunger, or the need for a bowel movement. Strep throat, caused by the Streptococcus pyogenes bacterium, accounts for up to 10% of acute stomachaches in children. There are different types of stomachaches: A localized stomachache is pain that is limited to one part of the abdomen. It can occur with many different illnesses and conditions and usually resolves without medical treatment. Stomachaches that last less than five minutes, even if they recur for many days, are unlikely to be serious. The specific symptoms of a stomachache may suggest the cause: Pain that starts near the navel and progresses to severe pain in the lower right side of the abdomen can suggest appendicitis. Other symptoms of appendicitis include fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, and increasingly severe pain. Other rare but serious causes of stomachaches include: lead poisoning kidney infection a blocked intestine intussusception-slippage of a length of intestine into an adjacent portion, usually resulting in intestinal obstruction intestinal malrotation or twisting of a portion of the intestine Indigestion or stomach flu can cause generalized abdominal pain. Pain and nausea or vomiting from a minor abdominal injury often subsides in just a few minutes. The closer the pain is to the navel, the more likely it is to be functional abdominal pain. When a stomachache is the only symptom, it is most often functional (the 'Rule of Ones'). A mild generalized pain or cramps that become more severe over a period of hours may suggest an intestinal blockage. Localized pain that occurs suddenly and worsens can indicate a serious problem, such as inflammation of an abdominal organ, appendicitis, gallbladder disease, or peptic ulcer disease. Severe sudden pain or pain that increases with coughing or movement is occasionally a symptom of a serious medical problem. Symptoms of abdominal migraines can include sudden severe pain across the midline that may last for an hour or up to three days, as well as nausea, vomiting, paleness, and an inability to eat. Stress- or anxiety-related causes of abdominal pain can include: Although an older child will complain of a stomachache and can point to the area of pain and describe its severity, children younger than five or six may not be able to describe their stomachache accurately. Babies may fuss and cry, draw their legs up toward their bellies, or refuse to eat. Appendicitis-Inflammation of the appendix-a narrow blind tube in the lower right abdomen. Gastroenteritis-Stomach flu; inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. A stomachache accompanied by any of the following symptoms also requires medical consultation: belly to identify painful points. The physician will ask for information about the stomachache including: severe vomiting chronic severe diarrhea gastrointestinal bleeding unexplained fever persistent pain in the right side of the abdomen weight loss slow growth a family history of inflammatory bowel disease A stomachache may be a medical emergency if the child: its intensity-mild, moderate, or severe whether the pain is crampy, a steady ache, sharp, or burning localization constancy duration recurrence foods, activities, or other factors that improve or worsen the pain any accompanying symptoms any other factors such as injury, recent travel, or drinking untreated water Tests appears to be very ill becomes still or cannot stand or walk may have been poisoned by a plant, mushroom, medication, or chemical has had recent abdominal injury has a fever above 104 F (40 C) that is not reduced with fever medication is severely dehydrated is having difficulty breathing Stomachaches do not usually require diagnostic tests. If appendicitis or another serious condition is suspected, then blood tests may be performed. Procedures Depending on the suspected cause of the stomachache, ultrasound imaging may be performed. If stress, anxiety, or other psychological or emotional causes are suspected, the child may be referred to a psychologist or other 4803 Stomachache mental health professional. If the stomachache is accompanied by a fever above 102 F (39 C), a child may be given an appropriate dose of acetaminophen (Tylenol). Alternatives Peppermint tea, peppermint oil capsules, or ginger can help relieve mild stomachaches. However, increasing dietary fiber is a simple and inexpensive way to help some children. Stomach cramps from gastroenteritis often precede each bout of vomiting and diarrhea and may last for several days. With stomachaches that have serious causes, such as appendicitis, the pain continues to worsen and becomes constant. Children with abdominal migraines usually develop migraine headaches as they become older. Parents should ensure that their children: Home remedies Stomachaches are most often treated at home. Mild stomachaches may be treated by: bed rest consuming plenty of clear fluids (water, broth, tea, or fruit juice diluted with water) to prevent dehydration taking frequent, small sips of fluids eating several small meals instead of two or three large meals eating mild foods, such as rice, dry toast, crackers, gelatin, or applesauce avoiding high-fat and spicy foods, most fruits, and caffeinated and carbonated drinks for at least 48 hours after symptoms have passed get plenty of sleep develop regular eating habits wash their hands before eating eat slowly avoid overeating avoid eating before bed have regular bowel movements and develop regular bowel habits eat fiber-rich foods that encourage regular bowel movements have only limited chewing gum and carbonated beverages to prevent swallowing air always correctly use car child-safety seats or seat belts to prevent abdominal injuries Although children require less dietary fiber than adults, fiber may help prevent stomachaches in some children. The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene, poorly fitted dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Stomatitis is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. Causes and symptoms A number of factors can cause stomatitis; it is a fairly common problem in the general adult population in North America. Poorly fitted oral appliances, cheek biting, or jagged teeth can persistently irritate the oral structures.
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In the United States yolk cholesterol in eggs from various avian species cheap lasuna express, Salmonella is responsible for about 15% of all cases of food poisoning. Causes and symptoms Salmonella food poisoning can occur when someone drinks unpasteurized milk or eats undercooked chicken or eggs, or salad dressings or desserts which contain raw eggs. Even if Salmonella-containing foods such as chicken are thoroughly cooked, any food can become contaminated during preparation if conditions and equipment for food preparation are unsanitary. Other foods can then be accidentally contaminated if they come into contact with infected surfaces. In addition, children have become ill after playing with turtles or iguanas, and then eating without washing their hands. Because the bacteria are shed in the feces for weeks after infection with Salmonella, poor hygiene can allow such a carrier to spread the infection to others. Symptoms appear about one-two days after infection, and include fever (in 50% of patients), nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps and pain. Serious complications are rare, occurring most often in individuals with other medical illnesses. Complications occur when the Salmonella bacteria make their way into the bloodstream (bacteremia). Once in the bloodstream, the bacteria can enter any organ system throughout the body, causing disease. Other infections which can be caused by Salmonella include: Description Improperly handled or undercooked poultry and eggs are the foods which most frequently cause Salmonella food poisoning. Chickens are a major carrier of Salmonella bacteria, which accounts for its prominence in poultry products. However, identifying foods which may be contaminated with Salmonella is particularly difficult because infected chickens typically show no signs or symptoms. Since infected chickens have no identifying characteristics, these chickens go on to lay eggs or to be used as meat. At one time, it was thought that Salmonella bacteria were only found in eggs which had cracked, thus allowing the bacteria to enter. Ultimately, it was learned that, because the egg shell has tiny pores, even uncracked eggs which sat for a time on a surface (nest) contaminated with Salmonella could themselves become contaminated. Diagnosis Under appropriate laboratory conditions, Salmonella can be grown and then viewed under a microscope for identification. Early in the infection, the blood is far more likely to positively show a presence of the Salmonella bacterium when a sample is grown on a nutrient substance (culture) for identification purposes. Eventually, however, positive cultures can be obtained from the stool and in some cases from a urine culture. Alternatives A number of alternative treatments have been recommended for food poisoning. One very effective treatment that is strongly recommended is supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. These preparations are available as powders, tablets, or capsules from health food stores; yogurt with live L. Homeopathic treatment can work very effectively in the treatment of Salmonella food poisoning. Some examples of remedies commonly used are Chamomilla, Nux vomica, Ipecac, and Colchicum. Juice therapy, including carrot, beet, and garlic juices, is sometimes recommended, although it can cause discomfort for some people. Charcoal tablets can help absorb toxins and remove them from the digestive tract through bowel elimination. A variety of herbs with antibiotic action, including citrus seed extract, goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis), and Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium), may also be effective in helping to resolve cases of food poisoning. Treatment Even though Salmonella food poisoning is a bacterial infection, many practitioners do not treat simple cases with antibiotics. Studies have shown that using antibiotics does not usually reduce the length of time that the patient is ill. Paradoxically, it appears that antibiotics do, however, cause the patient to shed bacteria in their feces for a longer period of time. In order to decrease the length of time that a particular individual is a carrier who can spread the disease, antibiotics are generally not given. In situations where an individual has a more severe type of infection with Salmonella bacteria, a number of antibiotics may be used. Chloramphenicol was the first antibiotic successfully used to treat Salmonella food poisoning. It is still a drug of choice in developing countries because it is so inexpensive, although some resistance has developed to it. Ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfonamide have been used successfully in the treatment of infections caused by chloramphenicol-resistant strains. Newer types of antibiotics, such as cephalosporin or quinolone, are also effective. These drugs can be given by mouth or through a needle in the vein (intravenously) for very ill patients. In cases where other medical problems complicate the illness, prognosis depends on the severity of the other medical conditions, as well as the specific organ system infected with Salmonella. Prevention Prevention of Salmonella food poisoning involves the proper handling and cooking of foods likely to 4457 carry the bacteria. This means that recipes utilizing uncooked eggs (Caesar salad dressing, meringue toppings, mousses) need to be modified to eliminate the raw eggs. Not only should chicken be cooked thoroughly, until no pink juices flow, but all surfaces and utensils used on raw chicken must be carefully cleaned to prevent Salmonella from contaminating other foods. Careful handwashing is a must before, during, and after all food preparation involving eggs and poultry. Handwashing is also important after handling and playing with pets such as turtles, iguanas, chicks, dogs and cats. A bilateral salpingectomy (removal of both the tubes) is usually done if the ovaries and uterus are also going to be removed. If the fallopian tubes and the ovaries are both removed at the same time, this is called a salpingo-oophorectomy. A salpingo-oophorectomy is necessary when treating ovarian and endometrial cancer because the fallopian tubes and ovaries are the most common sites to which cancer may spread. Often a laparoscope (a hollow tube with a light on one end) is used in this type of operation, which means that the incision can be much smaller and the recovery time much shorter. The surgeon inserts a short hollow tube into the abdomen and, if necessary, pumps in carbon dioxide gas in order to move intestines out of the way and better view the organs. After a wider double tube is inserted on one side for the laparoscope, another small incision is made on the other side through which other instruments can be inserted. In the case of a pelvic infection, the surgeon makes a horizontal (bikini) incision 4-6 in (10-15 cm) long in the abdomen right above the pubic hairline. Preparation the patient is given an injection an hour before surgery to encourage drowsiness. Removal of one tube (unilateral salpingectomy) is usually performed if the tube has become infected (a condition known as salpingitis). Salpingectomy is also used to treat an ectopic pregnancy, a condition in which a fertilized egg has implanted in the tube instead of inside the uterus. In 4458 Aftercare Aftercare varies depending on whether the tube was removed by laparoscopy or through an abdominal incision. Laparoscope-A surgical instrument with a light attached that is inserted through the abdominal wall to allow the surgeon to see the organs in the abdomen. If only one fallopian tube and ovary are removed, the woman may still be able to conceive and carry a pregnancy to term. This procedure is commonly combined with a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus); the ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed in about one-third of hysterectomies.
